We are thankful to be welcome on these lands in friendship. The lands we are situated on are covered by the Williams Treaties and are the traditional territory of the Mississaugas, a branch of the greater Anishinaabeg Nation, including Algonquin, Ojibway, Odawa and Pottawatomi. These lands remain home to many Indigenous nations and peoples.

We acknowledge this land out of respect for the Indigenous nations who have cared for Turtle Island, also called North America, from before the arrival of settler peoples until this day. Most importantly, we acknowledge that the history of these lands has been tainted by poor treatment and a lack of friendship with the First Nations who call them home.

This history is something we are all affected by because we are all treaty people in Canada. We all have a shared history to reflect on, and each of us is affected by this history in different ways. Our past defines our present, but if we move forward as friends and allies, then it does not have to define our future.

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Overview of present tenses

Verb tense	Use	Form	Examples
- Simple present	- To talk about routines; - To talk about general truths; - To talk about future events that are on a definite schedule or timetable.	Affirmative: I/you/we/they + verb (bare infinitive) He/she/it + verb + s/es/ies** * Most verbs Verbs ending in ss, x, z, o, ch, sh * Verbs ending in consonant + y	A study *shows* the positive effect of mindfulness-based interventions on university students.
		Negative: I/you/we/they + do not + verb (bare inf.) He/she/it + does not + verb (bare inf.)	This study *does not show* the positive effect of mindfulness-based interventions on university students.
		Interrogative: Do + I/you/we/they + verb (bare inf.) Does + he/she/it + verb (bare inf.)	*Does* this study *show* the positive effect of mindfulness-based interventions on university students?

Verb tense	Use	Form	Examples
- Present progressive	- To talk about actions that are in progress at the moment of speaking; - To talk about future events that were previously planned or definite intention.	Affirmative: Subject + be (simp. pres.: am/is/are) + verb + ing	Researchers *are investigating* the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution at the moment.
		Negative: Subject + be not (simp. pres.) + verb + ing	Researchers *are not investigating* the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution at the moment.
		Interrogative: Be (simp. pres.) + subject + verb + ing	*Are* researchers investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution at the moment?

Verb tense	Use	Form	Examples
- Present perfect	- To talk about actions that happened some time before now (at an unspecified time); - To talk about actions that started in the past and continue up to the present.	Affirmative: Subject + has / have + verb (past participle)	Researchers *have investigated* the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution for years.
		Negative: Subject + has not / have not + verb (past participle)	Researchers *have not investigated* the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution for years.
		Interrogative: Has / Have + subject + verb (past participle)	*Have* researchers investigated the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution for a long time?

Verb tense	Use	Form	Examples
- Present perfect progressive	- To talk about actions that started in the past and continue up to the present.	Affirmative: Subject + has / have + been + verb + ing	Researchers *have been investigating* the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution for years.
		Negative: Subject + has not / have not + been + verb + ing	Researchers *have not been investigating* the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution for long.
		Interrogative: Has / Have + subject + been + verb + ing	*Have* researchers been investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in this institution for long?

Notes:

The examples used were adapted from Galante et al. (2018).

For timelines that illustrate the use of the different verb tenses, please refer to http://www.eslcharts.com/verb-tenses-chart.html

References:

Azar, B. S.; & Hagen, S. A. (2009). Understanding and Using English Grammar (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Regents.

Galante, J.; Dufour, G.; Vainre, M.; Wagner, A; Stochl, J.; Benton, A. (2018). A mindfulness-based intervention to increase resilience to stress in university students (the Mindful Student Study): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Public Health. 3(2), pp.72-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30231-1